5/5/2021 0 Comments Douglas Mesquita Silva
Breuer Moreno Founded: 1869 Practice areas: Commercial, corporate, finance, energy, property Website.Ioannides, Andrew Demetriou, Christina Ioannidou, Christos P.This news site, RioOnWatch.org, grew into a much-needed and unique reference featuring favela perspectives on the urban transformation of Rio.
With diverse and deeply interlinked articles by a mix of community reporters, resident opinions, solidarity reporters, international observers, and academic researchers, we work to engender a more accurate picture of favelas, their contributions to the city, and the potential of favela-led community development in Rio and around the world. Further, Viana et al. (2014) studied qUFP inside schools in urban environments and found that most chromium (Cr) and Ni (metals with high redox properties) are present in qUFP rather than in larger particles. Chemical Composition of Quasi-ultrafine Particles and their Sources in Elderly Residences of So Paulo Megacity. Andrade 1, Beatriz Maria Trezza 4, Alexandre Busse 4, Wilson J. Although not always considered, these effects can be mostly due to its chemical composition. The scope of this work is (i) to quantify the abundance of ions and trace elements in qUFP in elderly residences, (ii) to identify the sources of these qUFP and (iii) to estimate the respiratory deposition doses (RDD) of qUFP and black carbon (rBC), which is an important component of qUFP, to various parts of the respiratory tract. In order to evaluate the qUFP chemical composition in elderly residences in the Metropolitan Area of So Paulo (MASP), we collected qUFP by using a Personal Cascade Impactor Sampler (PCIS). We analysed ions by chromatography and trace elements by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. We identified the sources of qUFP by applying Positive Matrix Factorization. We calculated the RDD through an equation, which use the tidal volume of lung, the typical breath frequency, the deposition fraction and the mass concentration of different size fractions of a PM. ![]() Some residences have a high concentration of the toxic heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr. ![]() The maximum RDD of qUFP and rBC are in the tracheobronchial part. Our results show that vehicular emissions dominate the indoor qUFP concentrations and uptake in elderly residences in the MASP. The UFP contribute to about 80 of the total number concentrations of the atmospheric particles and the ones with diameter up to 0.3 m contribute to over 99 (Kumar et al., 2009, 2010). It is reported that the smaller the particles, the larger their toxic potential. For example, particles with diameters less than 0.25 m have higher redox activity (induce oxidative stress in human cells) than coarse and accumulation modes of particles (Hu et al., 2008). The UFP can also translocate for the bloodstream and achieve other organs such as brain and heart (Elder et al., 2006; Heal et al., 2012). From this perspective, it is very important to study particles of that size range. In this work, we aim to focus on particles with diameters up to 0.25 m, which we refer to as quasi-ultrafine particles (qUFP), hereafter. This concept has also been utilized in earlier studies (Arhami et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2008; Saffari et al., 2013; Viana et al., 2014). The qUFP is an operational definition. In contrast to a significant number of studies on the chemical composition of ambient larger particles, there is hardly any study on the chemical composition of qUFP, specifically if it comes to indoor air pollution (Viana et al., 2014). This is comprehensible in light that the high mass concentrations of particles are expected to be in the coarse and accumulation ranges. We focused on the elderly population because it is fastest growing in worldwide (United Nations, 2015) and they are a risk group for particles air pollution (Peled, 2011). The expected trend is the increase from 841 million of elderly in 2013 to more than 2 billion in 2050 when they will surpass the number of children (Chatterji et al., 2015). As the elderly population increases, we will have an epidemic of chronic diseases, mainly dementias, cerebrovascular accident, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, heart failure and coronary insufficiency (Mathers et al., 2015). In fact, the elderly are more likely to have multi-morbidities, either by the progressive decrease of the functional reserve related to the senescence process or by the greater exposure to the risk factors. Therefore, they are a risk group for particles of air pollution (Peled, 2011). Aerosol particles can cause many problems in elderly people such as a change in heartbeat frequency (Holgun et al., 2003), aggravate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Osman et al., 2007) and cognitive deficit (Weuve et al., 2012). We also focus on the indoor environment because elderly people spend about 80 of their time indoors (Segalin et al., 2017), which can be most relevant for their health. In the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in elderly residences in a Latin American megacity, such as So Paulo, to study the chemical characteristics of the qUFP. Moreover, nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) together have negative effects on cardiac function and influence in the short-term mortality (Campen et al., 2001). Similarly, BC combined with iron and nickel has been found to affect the cardio regulatory system (Chang et al., 2007). All these metals are components of qUFP, which are the focus of this study. Further, Viana et al. UFP inside schools in urban environments and found that most chromium (Cr) and Ni (metals with high redox properties) are present in qUFP rather than in larger particles.
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